| Change log entry 74210 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2022-02-25 02:27:50 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 69924 - submitted by 'gabor111' >> "nurture" is a more common translation (than "acquired") in certain phrases, e.g. in: 先天与后天、先天对后天 (Nature vs nurture) 先天 (Nature) 的特质和行为来自基因遗传, 是天生 (innate) 和不能改变的。[...] 后天 (Nurture) 的特质和行为来自成长环境的影响。 https://thestumblingstone.wordpress.com/2017/10/19/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9-vs-%E5%90%8E%E5%A4%A9-nature-vs-nurture/ https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8E%E5%90%8E%E5%A4%A9 --------------------------------------------- Editor: 1) > "in certain phrases" Basically, in 先天与后天, I think you mean. (先天对后天 is rarely used, and is perhaps used mainly as a way of giving a more literal, unidiomatic translation of the English equivalent, using 对 to represent "versus") 2) Regarding your quote, 后天的特质和行为来自成长环境的影响。 后天 here means "acquired". ("acquired characteristics and behaviors come from the influence of the environment in which one grows up") 3) The main meaning of "nurture" is "care and encouragement", whereas the sense you intended is the secondary meaning: "environmental influences" (including adverse as well as favorable conditions). i.e. noun sense 1 & noun sense 1.1 respectively, in the following definition. https://www.lexico.com/definition/nurture 4) In the light of points 1-3 above, I propose to add an entry for 先天与后天 rather than include "nurture" as a gloss in the entry for 后天. Since we don't provide example sentences, any user who is seeking to understand a new word is well advised to check all entries containing that word. In the case of 后天, that will now include both 后天 and 先天与后天. 5) I'll add another phrase that helps in getting a handle on the usage of 后天, namely 先天不足，後天失調. MoE's definition: 本指天生體質虛弱，出生後又缺乏調養，健康狀況很差。後泛指事物基礎薄弱，又缺乏有力的支持，難以建設、發展。 如：「這家公司本就資金不足，現在又逢金融危機，可說先天不足，後天失調，經營就更困難了。」 https://www.moedict.tw/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3%EF%BC%8C%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF Examples: 然而正如陳水扁總統近日所言，中馬關係「先天不良，後天失調」，建交後始終波折不斷，只有「半交」之實。現在中馬外交關係正式劃上休止符，國人反倒有水落石出、放下了心頭重擔之感。 Commenting on the rupture, President Chen Shui-bian said the relationship was "problematic from the start, and went downhill from there." Beset by problems every step of the way, the relationship was never even fully formalized. Now that it has ended, people in Taiwan have actually expressed relief to see things settled once and for all. 加上主管觀光的交通部觀光局層級不高，長年人力、預算不足，致使業界戲稱觀光產業是「先天不足，後天失調」。 Add to this the longstanding lack of manpower and insufficient budget of the Tourism Bureau, which theoretically manages tourism, and you have what insiders jokingly refer to as an industry "made worse after being inadequate to begin with." 6) Several dictionaries define 后天 as a period of time. E.g. a) "life after birth" (in "New Age" dictionary) b) 人或動物出生後的生長時期（與「先天」相對）。例 「後天環境」、「後天失調」、「後天培養」。 https://www.moedict.tw/~%E5%BE%8C%E5%A4%A9 Similarly, those two dictionaries define 先天 as a) the embryonic period b) 指人或動物的胚胎期（與「後天」相對）。例 「後天的努力，可彌補先天的不足」。 In fact, I'd say this is an apt definition in *most* cases. E.g. 可悲 的 是 ，無論 後天 如何 偽裝 、改變 ，先天 的 基因 印記 終究 難以 抹 滅 。 "Sadly, no matter what we pretend to be or how we change ourselves, we cannot wipe away our genetic imprint." In that example, 後天 is not adjectival ("acquired" or "a posteriori"). Rather, it's a noun (a period of time) used adverbially (just like other words for time periods, such as 明天 and 下月). |
| Diff: |
- 後天 后天 [hou4 tian1] /the day after tomorrow/acquired (not innate or congenital)/a posteriori/ # + 後天 后天 [hou4 tian1] /the day after tomorrow/acquired (not innate or congenital)/nurture/a posteriori/ + 後天 后天 [hou4 tian1] /the day after tomorrow/life after birth (the period in which one develops through experiences, contrasted with 先天[xian1 tian1])/acquired (not innate or congenital)/a posteriori/ # - 先天 先天 [xian1 tian1] /inborn/innate/natural/ + 先天 先天 [xian1 tian1] /embryonic period (contrasted with 後天|后天 [hou4 tian1])/inborn/innate/natural/ # + 先天與後天 先天与后天 [xian1 tian1 yu3 hou4 tian1] /nature versus nurture/ + 先天不足，後天失調 先天不足，后天失调 [xian1 tian1 bu4 zu2 , hou4 tian1 shi1 tiao2] /to be born with a weak constitution and suffer from ill health during one's life/(fig.) to be problematic from the start, and get even worse over time/ |