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+ 李叔同 李叔同 [Li3 Shu1 tong2] /Liu Shutong (1880-1942), painter, Buddhist monk and distinguished figure in New Culture movement after the Xinhai revolution 辛亥革命 of 1911/

+ 梅蘭芳 梅兰芳 [Mei2 Lan2 fang1] /Mei Lanfang (1894-1961), famous master of Beijing opera, specialist in female roles/

+ 陽歐予倩 欧阳予倩 [Ou1 yang2 Yu2 qian4] /Ouyang Yuqian (1889-1962), actor and New Culture activist in Chinese theatre, opera and film/

+ 曾孝谷 曾孝谷 [Zeng1 xiao4 gu3] /Zeng Xiaogu (1873-1937), actor and pioneer of Chinese drama in New Culture style/

+ 黑奴籲天錄 黑奴吁天录 [Hei1 nu2 yu4 tian1 lu4] /Uncle Tom's Cabin, translated and adapted by Lin Shu 林紓|林纾/

+ 林紓 林纾 [Lin2 Shu1] /Lin Shu (1852-1924), writer and influential translator and adaptor of vast swathes of Western literature into classical Chinese/

+ 張旭 张旭 [Zhang1 Xu4] /Zhang Xu (probably early 8th century), Tang dynasty poet and calligrapher, most famous for his grass script 草書|草书/

+ 開闊 开阔 [kai1 kuo4] /wide/open (spaces)/to open up/

+ 序言 序言 [xu4 yan2] /preface of a book, outlining the book's aims/

+ 屈指可數 屈指可数 [qu1 zhi3 ke3 shu3] /handful/small number/can be counted on the fingers of one hand/

+ 沙皇 沙皇 [Sha1 huang2] /Tsar/

+ 沙皇俄國 沙皇俄国 [Sha1 huang2 E2 guo2] /Tsarist Russia/

+ 貫通 贯通 [guan4 tong1] /to link up/to thread together/

+ 正倉院 正仓院 [Zheng1 cang1 yuan4] /Shōsō-in, treasure house belonging to Tōdai-ji 東大寺, Nara 奈良, Japan, an extensive repository of imperial treasures from Tang times; described as the east-most end of the Silk road/

+ 法隆寺 法隆寺 [Fa3 long1 si4] /Hōryūji, complex of Buddhist temples near Nara 奈良, Japan, dating back to the Asuka period 飛鳥時代|飞鸟时代 (c. 600)/

+ 聖德太子 圣德太子 [Sheng4 de2 Tai4 zi3] /Prince Shōtoku Taiji (574-621), major Japanese statesman and reformer of the Asuka period 飛鳥時代|飞鸟时代, proponent of state Buddhism; portrayed as Buddhist saint/

+ 飛鳥時代 飞鸟时代 [Fei1 niao3 shi2 dai4] /Asuka period (538-710 Japanese: Asuka jidai), the first period of Japanese recorded history, important for the introduction of Buddhism/