These are the actual changes to CC-CEDICT reviewed and processed by the editors.
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| Change log entry 97257 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-23 06:00:34 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88885 - submitted by 'encn' >> actually it's called 特氟龙 in mainland china ----------------- Editor: 特富龍 is a PRC rendering of the Teflon trademark used by its owner, the American company Chemours. https://www.chemours.cn/industries-applications/application-development/continuous-innovation I deleted the (loanword) labels. I don't think they help much in this sort of case. Teflon is a product name, and we generally don't use "loanword" with transliterated names (personal names, place names etc -- 普京 or 佛罗里达 etc). Consider 萊卡 / 吉普 / 索尼 / 奧迪 / 勞力士 / 可口可樂 - none of these have loanword labels, and I don't think they should. |
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- 特富龍 特富龙 [[Te4fu4long2]] /(PRC) (loanword) Teflon/ # + 特氟龍 特氟龙 [[Te4fu2long2]] /(loanword) Teflon/ # Editor: + 特富龍 特富龙 [[Te4fu4long2]] /(PRC) Teflon (trademark)/ + 特氟龍 特氟龙 [[te4fu2long2]] /Teflon; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/ - 聚四氟乙烯 聚四氟乙烯 [[ju4si4fu2yi3xi1]] /polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), trademarked as Teflon/ + 聚四氟乙烯 聚四氟乙烯 [[ju4si4fu2yi3xi1]] /polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (often referred to by the trademark Teflon)/ - 塑料王 塑料王 [[su4liao4wang2]] /"super plastic" (term used to refer to Teflon)/ + 塑料王 塑料王 [[su4liao4wang2]] /"king of plastics" (nickname for polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)/ - 鐵氟龍 铁氟龙 [[Tie3fu2long2]] /(Tw) (loanword) Teflon/ + 鐵氟龍 铁氟龙 [[tie3fu2long2]] /(Tw) Teflon; polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/ |
| Change log entry 97256 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-23 01:17:07 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88886 - submitted by 'encn' >> 驻/大陆 |
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- 駐大陸 驻大陆 [zhu4 da4 lu4] /stationed on the continent (i.e. PRC)/ |
| Change log entry 97255 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-23 01:13:50 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89046 - submitted by 'cws' >> changed `variant of 瞭|了[liao3]` to `see 瞭|了[liao3]` 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ From the definition above, 了[liao3] is a variant of 瞭[liao3]. However, we have this definition: 瞭解 了解 [[liao3jie3]] /variant of 了解[liao3jie3]/ 瞭[liao3] cannot be a variant of 了[liao3] though. 瞭[liao3] has one meaning as compared to 了[liao3] with four meanings/uses. Add to the fact that 了[liao3] was existing for centuries, it appears that 瞭[liao3] is a modern creation ===== Inquiry from Gemini 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ 了 了 [[liao3]] /..other definitions are stripped../variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ 瞭解 了解 [[liao3jie3]] /variant of 了解[liao3jie3]/ but how come 瞭解 is a variant of 了解? why not 了解 is a variant of 瞭解? Gemini's answer: 了解 is the primary, standard form because the simple character 了 (liǎo) independently carries the historical meaning of "clear" or "to understand," predating the use of the more complex 瞭 in this context. Rather than 了解 being a "simplified" or lazy version of 瞭解, the reverse is closer to the truth: 瞭解 is an elaborated, visually-specific offshoot of the original word. The Original Meaning of 了 While most learners first encounter 了 as a grammatical particle (le) or a verb for finishing (liǎo, as in 完了), classical Chinese also used 了 to mean "clear" or "understood." You can see this preserved in idioms like 了然於心 (liǎorán yú xīn - to understand clearly in one's heart). Because of this, 了解 has been the correct and logical way to write the word for centuries. The Creation of 瞭 The character 瞭 was created later by adding the "eye" radical (目). It was originally designed to describe physical eyesight—specifically "to look from afar" (瞭望, liàowàng) or "bright, clear vision." Because the concepts of "seeing clearly" and "understanding clearly" overlap conceptually, writers gradually started substituting 了 with 瞭 to emphasize mental clarity through a visual metaphor. Official Standardization Dictionary maintainers (like CC-CEDICT) list 了解 as the main entry and 瞭解 as the variant because both major modern standardization bodies agree: Traditional Chinese (Taiwan/Hong Kong): The Taiwan Ministry of Education's official dictionary explicitly designates 了解 as the orthodox, standard form. 瞭解 is accepted in daily writing but is technically classified as a variant. Simplified Chinese (Mainland China): During the character simplification process in the 20th century, the liǎo pronunciation of 瞭 was officially merged back into the simpler 了 to reduce stroke counts. In mainland China today, 了解 is the only correct form, and 瞭 is strictly reserved for the liào pronunciation (like looking from a watchtower). RE Gemini's answer: Rather than 了解 being a "simplified" or lazy version of 瞭解, the reverse is closer to the truth: 瞭解 is an elaborated, visually-specific offshoot of the original word. The character 瞭 was created later by adding the "eye" radical (目). Because the concepts of "seeing clearly" and "understanding clearly" overlap conceptually, writers gradually started substituting 了 with 瞭 to emphasize mental clarity through a visual metaphor. If 瞭[liao3] were to be documented as a visual variant of 瞭|了[liao3] entry, how it should be defined in CC-CEDICT? Are there other kinds of these variants? Where the variant+pronunciation can only be substituted for one very specific meaning from a character+pronunciation with multiple meanings ================================ Editor: I see that kbaiko has already rejected the diff and explained the relevant reference syntax. I agree with his handling of the submission, but I would like to add some comments about the assumptions that appear to have prompted it. In your recent submission concerning 當啷, you wrote: > I have a tool that converts simplified to traditional. Even though the two words (噹啷 and 當啷) have exactly the same definition [...], the algorithm won't be able to infer which word is more significant or canon for the traditional writing of the 当啷. and: > Demoting 當啷 to a variant will help the algorithm to choose 噹啷 as the traditional of 当啷. For that particular word, 当啷 → 噹啷 may be a well-supported conversion, and treating 當啷 as a variant may be lexicographically appropriate. However, THE DIRECTION OF A CC-CEDICT VARIANT REFERENCE DOES NOT IN GENERAL ESTABLISH ONE FORM AS THE GLOBALLY CANONICAL TRADITIONAL FORM FOR CONVERSION PURPOSES. Where practicable, we normally put the less common form on the variant side, but variant relationships and spelling preferences may be specific to a particular word or sense (see below). It is also important to distinguish the direction of a variant relationship from the semantic scope of the reference. An unparenthesized reference such as /variant of Y/ indicates that the complete definition of the referenced entry applies at that point and may be substituted by an app. When only a particular sense is shared, while the referenced entry also has senses that do not apply to the variant form, we state the applicable definition explicitly and put "(variant of Y)" in parentheses. This tells an app to display the stated definition and variant note without substituting Y's complete definition. For example: 哀號 哀号 [[ai1hao2]] /to wail; to cry piteously (variant of 哀嚎[ai1hao2])/ 哀嚎 哀嚎 [[ai1hao2]] /to wail; to cry piteously/(of a wild animal) to howl/ 哀號 is a variant spelling of 哀嚎 in the first sense, but the additional wild-animal sense of 哀嚎 does not apply to 哀號. If we wrote only /variant of 哀嚎[ai1hao2]/, an app would be expected to substitute the complete definition of 哀嚎 and incorrectly import that additional sense. In the present case, the shared sense has already been isolated in a separate single-sense entry: 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ The unparenthesized /variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ occurs as one sense within the entry for "了 了 [[liao3]]". It tells an app that the complete definition of that particular single-sense target entry may be inserted at that point. It does not imply that all the other senses of 了 are also meanings of 瞭. The fact that the "了 了 [[liao3]]" entry has several senses while the "瞭 了 [[liao3]]" entry has only one is therefore not an inconsistency; it is precisely why the reference is placed as a separate sense in the "了 了 [[liao3]]" entry. LA adopts essentially the same sense-specific analysis. After giving the other senses of 了[liao3], it adds: 明白；清楚。同「瞭」。 https://www.moedict.tw/~了 Thus, the fact that 了 has a wider semantic range does not prevent it from being treated as equivalent to 瞭 within their shared sense. Nor does this syntax make a historical claim that 了 developed from 瞭. The age or etymological origin of the characters is a separate matter from how their variant relationship is represented in entries describing modern usage. If we instead regarded 了 as the main traditional form for the shared "clear in one's mind; understand clearly" sense, we could put that definition directly in the entry for "了 了 [[liao3]]" and define the corresponding sense of 瞭 explicitly as: /clear in one's mind; to understand clearly (variant of 了[liao3])/ The variant note would need to be parenthetical because the complete, polysemous definition of 了 could not safely be substituted into the entry for 瞭. That would be a possible alternative organization, but it would reflect a different editorial decision about which traditional form should serve as the main form for this particular sense. The treatment of 瞭解 as a variant of 了解 does not by itself establish that 了 should be the main traditional form in every word containing this morpheme. Preferred spellings can be word-specific. A corpus of Taiwan Panorama (TP) articles provides useful evidence of this: * among the occurrences of the word "míngliǎo" in TP, 32 are written 明瞭 and none 明了; * there are 27 instances of 瞭若指掌 and none of 了若指掌. Yet 了解 is evidently more common than 瞭解. This suggests that 了解 has its own word-specific spelling preference, whereas 瞭 is strongly preferred in at least some other words involving the relevant "liǎo" sense. It also provides some support for the present choice of 瞭 as the main traditional form in the single-sense 瞭|了[liao3] entry, although evidence from other sources could of course also be considered. A simplified-to-traditional converter therefore has to operate at word level and sometimes contextually. For example, a converter targeting the traditional spelling preferences found in TP might produce: * 了解 → 了解 * 明了 → 明瞭 * 了若指掌 → 瞭若指掌 There is no single traditional replacement for simplified 了 that can be inferred from the direction of one CC-CEDICT variant reference. The 当啷 case concerns the preferred traditional spelling of one complete word and may therefore supply a straightforward word-level conversion. It does not establish that variant references can be used to derive a globally preferred conversion for an individual polysemous character. Changing /variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ to /see 瞭|了[liao3]/ would produce much the same substituted definition, but it would discard the relevant information that the forms are variants with the same pronunciation. It would not improve the lexicographical description and, most importantly, IT WOULD NOT RESOLVE THE UNDERLYING CONVERSION PROBLEM. More generally, for future submissions, please first establish that the existing entry has a lexicographical problem, and support that conclusion with concise evidence from reliable sources or actual usage. CC-CEDICT entries should not be changed merely to make a particular conversion script produce a desired output. If the difficulty concerns how CC-CEDICT syntax should be interpreted by software, it would be better to ask about that separately before submitting a diff. Please also state the argument briefly in your own words rather than pasting lengthy passages of AI-generated text. * * * P.S. A separate point concerns the historical account quoted from Gemini, which also appears oversimplified. MOE has separate entries for 明瞭 and 明了, citing Song-dynasty examples of 明瞭, as well as a Yuan example and an example from the "Book of the Later Han" for 明了. The Song examples of 明瞭 concern visual clarity rather than specifically mental understanding, so they do not establish complete semantic equivalence at that date. They do, however, establish a textual tradition for 瞭[liao3] going back at least to the Song; it is certainly not merely a modern creation. Even if 瞭 developed later than 了, that would be very different from saying that it was created in modern times. |
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# - 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ # + 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/see 瞭|了[liao3]/ |
| Change log entry 97254 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 18:51:21 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87896 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 钩织 gōuzhī @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈动〉用钩针编织：～围巾｜传统手工～◇～故事。 |
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鉤織 钩织 [[gou1zhi1]] /to crochet/ # Editor: - 鉤編 钩编 [gou1 bian1] /to crochet/ + 鉤編 钩编 [[gou1bian1]] /to crochet/ |
| Change log entry 97253 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 18:47:33 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87252 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 國際名導阿莫多瓦自傳式故事集《最後的夢》，以非典型格式紀錄人生酸甜苦辣 https://meet.eslite.com/tw/tc/article/202411010001 西班牙名導阿莫多瓦（Pedro Almodóva）今年帶著新作「苦澀的聖誕節」叩關坎城影展最高榮譽金棕櫚獎，這是他生涯第7度入選。 https://stars.udn.com/star/story/10090/9515010 81岁名导马丁·斯科塞斯 获柏林电影节终身成就奖 |
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# 名導 名导 [[ming2dao3]] /famous director/ # Editor: + 名導 名导 [[ming2dao3]] /famous film director/ |
| Change log entry 97252 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 17:00:11 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87419 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 祸心 huòxīn @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈名〉作恶的念头：包藏～。 |
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禍心 祸心 [[huo4xin1]] /evil intent; malice/ |
| Change log entry 97251 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:52:59 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88671 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 钛合金 tàihéjīn @ 《现代汉语规范词典》 〈名〉以钛为基的合金的总称。具有密度小、强度高、耐腐蚀等特点，是航空、造船和化学等工业的重要材料。 |
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鈦合金 钛合金 [[tai4he2jin1]] /titanium alloy/ |
| Change log entry 97250 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:51:49 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88961 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 重操旧业 is more common. |
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- 重操舊業 重操旧业 [chong2 cao1 jiu4 ye4] /to resume one's old trade (idiom)/ + 重操舊業 重操旧业 [[chong2cao1-jiu4ye4]] /(idiom) to resume one's old trade/ - 重溫舊業 重温旧业 [chong2 wen1 jiu4 ye4] /to resume one's old trade (idiom)/ + 重溫舊業 重温旧业 [[chong2wen1-jiu4ye4]] /see 重操舊業|重操旧业[chong2cao1-jiu4ye4]/ |
| Change log entry 97249 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:44:21 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88600 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 大動肝火 dà dòng gān huǒ @ 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 大發脾氣。如：「何必為一點小事大動肝火？」 |
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# 大動肝火 大动肝火 [[da4dong4-gan1huo3]] /to fly into a rage; to be furious/ # Editor: + 大動肝火 大动肝火 [[da4dong4-gan1huo3]] /(idiom) to fly into a rage; to lose one's temper/ - 動肝火 动肝火 [dong4 gan1 huo3] /to get angry/ + 動肝火 动肝火 [[dong4 gan1huo3]] /to fly into a rage; to lose one's temper/ |
| Change log entry 97248 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:33:48 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88739 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 7月29日，「沽空」机构Emerson Analytics（下称艾默生研究）发布针对南方能源的做空报告，称南方能源在上市申请阶段就已经开始造假，从2013到2018年，收入被夸大约5倍，且部分年份公司并无盈利。 https://www.jiemian.com/article/3370396.html |
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沽空 沽空 [[gu1kong1]] /(finance) to short sell/ # Editor: - 賣空 卖空 [mai4 kong1] /to sell short (finance)/ + 賣空 卖空 [[mai4kong1]] /(finance) to short sell/ - 做空 做空 [zuo4 kong1] /to sell short (finance)/ + 做空 做空 [[zuo4kong1]] /(finance) to short sell/ |
| Change log entry 97247 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:29:11 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88870 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 老窝 lǎowō @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈名〉❶ 鸟、兽长期栖息的处所。❷ 借指坏人盘踞的地方：端敌人的～。 |
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# 老窩 老窝 [[lao3wo1]] /(of birds) nest; (of wild animals) den/(fig.) (of bad people) lair; hideout/ # Editor: + 老窩 老窝 [[lao3wo1]] /nest; den (for animals)/(fig.) lair; hideout (for criminals)/ |
| Change log entry 97246 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:23:59 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87921 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 美S-97新型武直高调亮相 最大时速超460公里 https://mil.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJFExY 土耳其武直关键设备被美卡脖子 巴基斯坦也躺枪了 http://www.banyuetan.org/jsejy/detail/20190723/1000200033136131563845790119982295_1.html |
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武直 武直 [[wu3zhi2]] /attack helicopter (abbr. for 武裝直升機|武装直升机[wu3zhuang1 zhi2sheng1ji1])/ |
| Change log entry 97245 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:19:35 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89024 - submitted by 'richwarm' >> There is no element of "brilliance" in the meaning of 纷呈. That part of the existing definition seems to have been inferred from the common collocation 精彩纷呈, but it belongs to 精彩, not 纷呈. 那透明的轻纱根本遮掩不住身上的私-密之处，妙相纷呈，脂香扑鼻。 国际刑法学界和犯罪学界热点问题纷呈 中考加分乱象纷呈：汉族学生考前称自己是回族 挑战纷呈不断，每个决定都可能让团队走向成功或失败 之後新興樂派紛呈並起， 但各國的詩文特色卻在類似的體裁中紛呈。 各種歷史觀點在快速流通的資訊中紛呈， 有人則強調加速技術創新，努力追趕世界潮流，意見紛呈中爭議較少的是，研發由纖維素提煉酒精。 在中外經典紛呈的時代，... |
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- 紛呈 纷呈 [fen1 cheng2] /brilliant and varied/(often in the combination 精彩紛呈|精彩纷呈[jing1 cai3 fen1 cheng2])/ + 紛呈 纷呈 [[fen1cheng2]] /to appear in profusion; to abound/ |
| Change log entry 97244 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 16:01:41 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87996 - submitted by 'polaris' >> Attap chee (Chinese: 亞答子; pinyin: yà dá zǐ) (chee meaning "seed" in several Chinese dialects) is a name for the immature fruits—sweet, translucent, gelatinous balls used as a dessert ingredient in Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore, that are a byproduct of the sap harvesting process. |
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# 亞答子 亚答子 [[ya4da2zi3]] /atap seed; attap chee/ # Editor: + 亞答子 亚答子 [[ya4da2zi3]] /attap seed; attap chee/ |
| Change log entry 97243 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 15:57:22 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 87152 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 腻虫 nìchóng @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈名〉蚜虫的通称。 蚜虫 yáchóng @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈名〉昆虫，身体小，卵圆形，绿色、黄色或棕色，腹部大。吸食植物的汁液，是农业害虫。种类很多，如棉蚜、烟蚜、高粱蚜等。通称腻虫。 |
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- 蚜蟲 蚜虫 [ya2 chong2] /greenfly (Aphis spp.)/aphid/ # + 蚜蟲 蚜虫 [[ya2chong2]] /aphid; greenfly; aphis/ # + 膩蟲 腻虫 [[ni4chong2]] /aphid; greenfly; aphis/ # Editor: + 蚜蟲 蚜虫 [[ya2chong2]] /aphid/ + 膩蟲 腻虫 [[ni4chong2]] /aphid/ |
| Change log entry 97242 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 15:38:35 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88558 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 墙裙 qiángqún @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈名〉加在室内墙壁下半部起装饰和保护作用的表面层，用水泥、瓷砖、木板等材料做成。一般高1—2米。也叫墙围子。 牆裙 qiáng qún @ 《重編國語辭典修訂本》 大陸地區指加在室內牆面或柱身下部的表面層。常用木材、瓷磚或大理石等貼面材料做成，用以保護牆壁，也便於清洗，並有裝飾作用。也稱為「護壁」。 |
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牆裙 墙裙 [[qiang2qun2]] /dado; wainscot/ |
| Change log entry 97241 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 15:26:16 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88956 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 国计民生 guójì-mínshēng @ 《现代汉语词典》 国家经济和人民生活。 |
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# 國計民生 国计民生 [[guo2ji4-min2sheng1]] /national economy and people's livelihood/ # Editor: + 國計民生 国计民生 [[guo2ji4-min2sheng1]] /(idiom) national economy and people's livelihood/ |
| Change log entry 97240 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 14:52:09 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 87997 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 水椰（学名：Nypa fruticans）又名亚答树（马来语：atap，意为“屋顶”[注 1]），棕榈科植物，自成一个单种属，生长在热带沼泽潮间带，也是棕榈科唯一的水生物种。 |
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# 水椰 水椰 [[shui3ye1]] /Nypa fruticans/ # Editor: + 水椰 水椰 [[shui3ye1]] /nipa palm (Nypa fruticans)/ |
| Change log entry 97239 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 14:14:23 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 89046 - submitted by 'cws' >> changed `variant of 瞭|了[liao3]` to `see 瞭|了[liao3]` 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ From the definition above, 了[liao3] is a variant of 瞭[liao3]. However, we have this definition: 瞭解 了解 [[liao3jie3]] /variant of 了解[liao3jie3]/ 瞭[liao3] cannot be a variant of 了[liao3] though. 瞭[liao3] has one meaning as compared to 了[liao3] with four meanings/uses. Add to the fact that 了[liao3] was existing for centuries, it appears that 瞭[liao3] is a modern creation ===== Inquiry from Gemini 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ 了 了 [[liao3]] /..other definitions are stripped../variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ 瞭解 了解 [[liao3jie3]] /variant of 了解[liao3jie3]/ but how come 瞭解 is a variant of 了解? why not 了解 is a variant of 瞭解? Gemini's answer: 了解 is the primary, standard form because the simple character 了 (liǎo) independently carries the historical meaning of "clear" or "to understand," predating the use of the more complex 瞭 in this context. Rather than 了解 being a "simplified" or lazy version of 瞭解, the reverse is closer to the truth: 瞭解 is an elaborated, visually-specific offshoot of the original word. The Original Meaning of 了 While most learners first encounter 了 as a grammatical particle (le) or a verb for finishing (liǎo, as in 完了), classical Chinese also used 了 to mean "clear" or "understood." You can see this preserved in idioms like 了然於心 (liǎorán yú xīn - to understand clearly in one's heart). Because of this, 了解 has been the correct and logical way to write the word for centuries. The Creation of 瞭 The character 瞭 was created later by adding the "eye" radical (目). It was originally designed to describe physical eyesight—specifically "to look from afar" (瞭望, liàowàng) or "bright, clear vision." Because the concepts of "seeing clearly" and "understanding clearly" overlap conceptually, writers gradually started substituting 了 with 瞭 to emphasize mental clarity through a visual metaphor. Official Standardization Dictionary maintainers (like CC-CEDICT) list 了解 as the main entry and 瞭解 as the variant because both major modern standardization bodies agree: Traditional Chinese (Taiwan/Hong Kong): The Taiwan Ministry of Education's official dictionary explicitly designates 了解 as the orthodox, standard form. 瞭解 is accepted in daily writing but is technically classified as a variant. Simplified Chinese (Mainland China): During the character simplification process in the 20th century, the liǎo pronunciation of 瞭 was officially merged back into the simpler 了 to reduce stroke counts. In mainland China today, 了解 is the only correct form, and 瞭 is strictly reserved for the liào pronunciation (like looking from a watchtower). ---------- Editor: Please don't paste a large section of AI-generated text into the change log comment. For one, I don't completely trust AI when it comes to Chinese etymology (at least, not yet). If you want to talk about Chinese etymology, I'm going to ask you provide a non-AI source. Or at least, use a Chinese model. Second, and more importantly, AI does not understand the intricacies of the CC-CEDICT format. Asking AI about CC-CEDICT syntax is pretty pointless unless you also provide our entire formatting guide on the wiki as context. Speaking of that, I suggest reading our wiki page on references: https://cc-cedict.org/wiki/references "see" - use this when the definitions are the same "variant of" - use this instead of "see" when the pinyin is also the same ----- >If 瞭[liao3] were to be documented as a visual variant of 瞭|了[liao3] entry, how it should be defined in CC-CEDICT? We won't do that. There is no 瞭[liao3] entry (only 瞭[liao4] and 瞭|了[liao3]) and I don't know what a "visual variant" is. >Are there other kinds of these variants? Where the variant+pronunciation can only be substituted for one very specific meaning from a character+pronunciation with multiple meanings Yes there are many. For example, 餽 馈 [[kui4]] /(literary) to make an offering to the gods/variant of 饋|馈[kui4]/ 饋 馈 [[kui4]] /(bound form) to present (a gift)/(bound form) to send; to transmit/ |
| Diff: |
# - 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ # + 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/see 瞭|了[liao3]/ |
| Change log entry 97238 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 08:27:42 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88937 - submitted by 'kbaiko' >> proper noun? Add "idiom" to the matchmaker sense --------- Editor: I think this is what we ended up agreeing to. |
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- 月老 月老 [[yue4lao3]] /(Chinese folk religion) god of marriage/matchmaker/ # + 月老 月老 [[yue4lao3]] /matchmaker/ # + 月老 月老 [[Yue4 lao3]] /(Chinese folk religion) god of marriage/ - 月下老人 月下老人 [[yue4xia4 lao3ren2]] /(Chinese folk religion) god of marriage/matchmaker/ # + 月下老人 月下老人 [[yue4xia4-lao3ren2]] /(idiom) matchmaker/ # + 月下老人 月下老人 [[Yue4xia4 lao3ren2]] /(Chinese folk religion) god of marriage/ 月老 月老 [[yue4lao3]] /(Chinese folk religion) the god of matchmaking/(fig.) matchmaker/ 月下老人 月下老人 [[yue4xia4 lao3ren2]] /(Chinese folk religion) the god of matchmaking/(idiom) matchmaker/ 月下老兒 月下老儿 [[yue4xia4 lao3r5]] /see 月下老人[yue4xia4 lao3ren2]/ |
| Change log entry 97237 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 08:23:33 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 粉紅色 粉红色 [fen3 hong2 se4] /pink/ + 粉紅色 粉红色 [[fen3hong2se4]] /pink/ |
| Change log entry 97236 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 08:11:28 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 殺馬特 杀马特 [sha1 ma3 te4] /Chinese subculture of young urban migrants, usually of low education, with exaggerated hairstyles, heavy make-up, flamboyant costumes, piercings etc (loanword from "smart")/ + 殺馬特 杀马特 [[sha1ma3te4]] /Chinese youth subculture associated esp. with young migrant workers, characterized by flamboyant hairstyles and clothing, heavy makeup, piercings etc (loanword from "smart")/ |
| Change log entry 97235 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 08:05:18 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 黛 黛 [dai4] /umber-black dye for painting the eyebrow/ + 黛 黛 [[dai4]] /(literary) dark pigment traditionally used to paint the eyebrows/ |
| Change log entry 97234 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 08:01:08 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 眉黛 眉黛 [mei2 dai4] /eyebrows (with umber black make-up)/ + 眉黛 眉黛 [[mei2dai4]] /(literary) eyebrows painted with black pigment/ |
| Change log entry 97233 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:53:40 UTC) |
| Comment: | makeup |
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- 化妝師 化妆师 [[hua4zhuang1shi1]] /make-up artist/(fig.) spin doctor; reputation manager/ + 化妝師 化妆师 [[hua4zhuang1shi1]] /makeup artist/(fig.) spin doctor; reputation manager/ |
| Change log entry 97232 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:52:51 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89043 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 补妆 bǔ//zhuāng @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈动〉对化过的妆进行修补。 |
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# 補妝 补妆 [[bu3zhuang1]] /to touch up one's make-up; to fix one's make-up/ 補妝 补妆 [[bu3zhuang1]] /to touch up one's makeup/ |
| Change log entry 97231 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:47:51 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 苯乙烯 苯乙烯 [ben3 yi3 xi1] /Styrene/ + 苯乙烯 苯乙烯 [[ben3yi3xi1]] /(chemistry) styrene/ |
| Change log entry 97230 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:45:49 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 烯烴 烯烃 [xi1 ting1] /olefine/alkene (chemistry)/ + 烯烴 烯烃 [[xi1ting1]] /(chemistry) alkene/ |
| Change log entry 97229 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:42:32 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 烯 烯 [xi1] /alkene/ + 烯 烯 [[xi1]] /(chemistry) alkene; -ene (suffix used in chemical names)/ |
| Change log entry 97228 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:23:07 UTC) |
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GV 苧烯 24k 柠檬烯 117k https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9F%A0%E7%83%AF |
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- 薴烯 苧烯 [ning2 xi1] /(chemistry) limonene/ + 薴烯 苧烯 [[ning2xi1]] /(chemistry) limonene/ + 檸檬烯 柠檬烯 [[ning2meng2xi1]] /(chemistry) limonene/ + 檸烯 柠烯 [[ning2xi1]] /(chemistry) limonene/ |
| Change log entry 97227 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:13:11 UTC) |
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v2 As far as I can determine, the sense "used in 薺薴|荠苧[ji4ning2]" is lexically unrelated to the "limonene" sense, even though the plant can happen to contain some limonene. |
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- 薴 苧 [ning2] /(used as a bound form in 薴烯|苧烯[ning2 xi1], limonene)/tangled/in disarray/ + 薴 苧 [[ning2]] /limonene/used in 薺薴|荠苧[ji4ning2]/(literary) tangled; in disarray/ |
| Change log entry 97226 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 07:07:21 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89025 - submitted by 'gregboothe' >> Continuing the previous discussion on 苎、苧、薴, I think we should also consider: 1. It is an obscure botany term. It is also a unique simplification edge case. Those obscurities overlap and can cause misunderstandings even for experts in one area. Without getting lost in prescriptivism debate, in this case, for a dictionary, I think it's safest to defer to authorities, to not create further confusion. 2. Sources are further unreliable since some texts pass through an automatic TC→SC conversion at one or more points during processing, which normally isn't a problem, but what would we expect to find if a text was automatically simplified twice? 薺薴→荠苧→荠苎, indeed. Such a mistake can spread to others. 薺苎 even shows up in some traditional texts, and 荠薴 in simplified texts. 3. Dictionaries generally (but especially GF, LA, and MOE) agree on zhù：苧→苎 and níng：薴→苧. 4. You could make a case for a níng 苧 traditional variant, based on HDZ. https://homeinmists.ilotus.org/hd/orgpage.php?page=3407 > “荠苧”和“石荠苧”二名，最早见于唐《本草拾遗》，后亦见于《本草纲目》和《植物名实图考》。其中的“苧”为“薴”（níng）的简化字，并非“苎”（zhù）的异体。《中国植物志》第66卷在正文中错误地把“苧”改成了“苎”，但在目录和中文索引中仍采用了正确写法“苧”。 https://duocet.ibiodiversity.net/index.php?title=石荠苧属 > 註解b11: 作门屏之间解的宁（古字罕用）读zhù（柱）。为避免此宁字与寧的简化字混淆，原读zhù的宁作㝉。 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/简化字总表（1986年版）#fn_b11 Some Zhihu deep dives: https://www.zhihu.com/question/24209743 https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/24219123 ------------------ Editor: I don't think the proposed variant entry is warranted. Neither LA nor MOE recognizes 苧 as a traditional character pronounced níng, and 苧 is likewise absent from the characters listed under níng in Taiwan's Far East dictionary. No clear examples of such traditional usage have been provided in the submission, and site:.tw Google results also overwhelmingly favor 薺薴 over 薺苧[1]. Moreover, one of the cited Zhihu sources explicitly identifies HDZ's placement of the "limonene" sense under 苧 as an error, stating that it belongs under 薴 (or its variant 䔭).[2] The existing 薴|苧[ning2] entry already records the legitimate role of 苧 as the simplified form of 薴. [1] Google (verbatim) results: "薺苧" site:.tw ~ 112 "薺薴" site:.tw ~ 10,600 [2] The Zhihu article rejects HDZ's treatment: 《漢語大字典》在「苧」字的解释上也犯了同样的错误。 It then says of the níng "limonene" sense: 按照《漢語大字典》的体例应隶于「薴」（或其异体字「䔭」）条而非「苧」条。 |
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- 薺苧 荠苎 [[ji4zhu4]] /(botany) Mosla grosseserrata/(botany) Mosla chinensis/ # + 苧 苧 [[ning2]] /variant of 薴|苧[ning2]/ |
| Change log entry 97225 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 06:36:10 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88718 - submitted by 'encn' >> not in other dictionaries About 6.110 google results |
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- 遐邇皆知 遐迩皆知 [xia2 er3 jie1 zhi1] /well-known far and near (idiom)/ # Editor: + 遐邇皆知 遐迩皆知 [[xia2er3-jie1zhi1]] /known far and wide/ |
| Change log entry 97224 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 06:32:40 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89041 - submitted by 'encn' >> baidu baike doesn't have this |
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- 雙曲線正弦 双曲线正弦 [shuang1 qu1 xian4 zheng4 xian2] /hyperbolic sine or sinh (math.)/ |
| Change log entry 97223 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-22 06:31:26 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 雙曲面 双曲面 [shuang1 qu1 mian4] /(math.) hyperboloid/ + 雙曲面 双曲面 [[shuang1qu1mian4]] /(math.) hyperboloid/ - 單葉雙曲面 单叶双曲面 [dan1 ye4 shuang1 qu1 mian4] /hyperboloid of one sheet (math.)/ + 單葉雙曲面 单叶双曲面 [[dan1ye4 shuang1qu1mian4]] /(math.) one-sheeted hyperboloid/ |
| Change log entry 97222 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 01:16:03 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 86794 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 日照很City！欢迎来嗨皮！！ https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27963247 好“嗨皮”，我们的大课间可以这样玩！ https://jyj.wuhan.gov.cn/zwdt/jydt/202502/t20250221_2537896.shtml |
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# 嗨皮 嗨皮 [[hai1pi2]] /to be happy (loanword from English "happy")/ # Editor: + 嗨皮 嗨皮 [[hai1pi2]] /(Internet slang) (loanword) happy/ |
| Change log entry 97221 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 00:54:46 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88654 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 磨房 mòfáng @ 《现代汉语词典》 同“磨坊”。 |
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# 磨房 磨房 [[mo4fang2]] /see 磨坊[mo2fang2]/ # Editor: + 磨房 磨房 [[mo4fang2]] /variant of 磨坊[mo4fang2]/ |
| Change log entry 97220 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 00:52:31 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88320 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 据横州市现场救援人员介绍，救援期间多次接到群众遭蛇咬求助，疑似为眼镜蛇咬伤。据了解，上述蛇场养殖的蛇类中，大王蛇、「水律蛇」均为无毒蛇，但眼镜蛇毒性较强。 https://m.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=1141104 接线索举报，中山市民众某餐饮店在2025年5月22日至6月4日期间，违法加工制售“水律蛇（滑鼠蛇）”菜品，累计违法所得1187.00元，当事人经营国家禁止食用国家保护的有重要生态、科学、社会价值的陆生野生动物“水律蛇（滑鼠蛇）”的行为…… https://www.zs.gov.cn/zjj/zwdt/content/post_2591257.html |
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水律蛇 水律蛇 [[shui3lu:4she2]] /Oriental rat snake (Ptyas mucosus)/ # Editor: - 滑鼠蛇 滑鼠蛇 [hua2 shu3 she2] /Oriental ratsnake (Ptyas mucosus)/ + 滑鼠蛇 滑鼠蛇 [[hua2shu3she2]] /Oriental rat snake (Ptyas mucosus)/ |
| Change log entry 97219 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 00:45:35 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88746 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 五眼联盟（FVEY）是一个由澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、英国和美国组成的英语情报联盟。 ---------- Editor: Please see our guidelines about proper nouns https://cc-cedict.org/wiki/guidelines#proper_nouns_especially_those_unrelated_to_china It would probably be ok to include if China was part of it |
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# 五眼聯盟 五眼联盟 [[Wu3yan3 Lian2meng2]] /Five Eyes/ |
| Change log entry 97218 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 00:34:17 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88678 - submitted by 'polaris' >> conjecture @ Wikipedia Poincaré conjecture, Goldbach's conjecture, Kakeya Conjecture （数学上多用 conjecture ） |
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- 猜想 猜想 [[cai1xiang3]] /to guess; to conjecture; to suppose/(math.) hypothesis/ + 猜想 猜想 [[cai1xiang3]] /to guess; to conjecture; to suppose/(math.) conjecture; hypothesis/ |
| Change log entry 97217 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-22 00:28:12 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88595 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 雾炮车 @ 百度百科 雾炮车（Mist cannon truck），全称多功能抑尘车，是通过高压喷射微米级水雾颗粒实现降尘、净化空气的专用车辆。其核心部件雾炮可喷射120米远、70米高的水雾，同等10吨水量作业时间达普通洒水车的6倍，覆盖面积超过3万平方米。 雾霾频频来袭,不仅带动了防霾口罩、空气净化器等个人、家庭防护用具的销量,也拉动了市政环保产品的市场——近来,被称为“治霾神器”的“雾炮车”出现在不少城市的街头。 https://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2016-12/12/c_1120096417.htm 区绿化市容局相关负责人介绍，雾炮车、洒水车的作业用水均为普通自来水，不添加任何化学药剂，无毒无害，不会损害人体健康与车辆漆面。 https://www.jfdaily.com/sgh/detail?id=1760477 |
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# 霧炮車 雾炮车 [[wu4pao4che1]] /mist cannon truck/ # Editor: + 霧炮車 雾炮车 [[wu4pao4che1]] /mist cannon truck; dust suppression truck/ |
| Change log entry 97216 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-21 10:32:22 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88854 - submitted by 'encn' >> 供应链说因为铝合金黑漆容易掉、色差大，干脆砍了换深樱桃红和浅蓝。 ---------------- Editor: 已經漆了四次。因油漆乾後會形成色差，顏色一直不對，但義大利當地油漆工表示已依合約完成，拒絕再漆，乾脆自己來。 黑人則平均晚10年出現。不過，白種人出現白髮與原來的髮色差異不大，反倒是髮黑的東方人色差較明顯，容易引起注意。 |
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# 色差 色差 [[se4cha1]] /color difference/ 色差 色差 [[se4cha1]] /difference in color; color variation/ |
| Change log entry 97215 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-21 04:35:48 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
| Diff: |
- 魚鉤 鱼钩 [yu2 gou1] /fishhook/ + 魚鉤 鱼钩 [[yu2gou1]] /fishhook/ - 漁鉤 渔钩 [yu2 gou1] /variant of 魚鉤|鱼钩[yu2 gou1]/ + 漁鉤 渔钩 [[yu2gou1]] /variant of 魚鉤|鱼钩[yu2gou1]/ |
| Change log entry 97214 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-21 04:28:26 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88853 - submitted by 'encn' >> delete entry 渔钩儿 ------------------ Editor: GV for "渔钩儿": 602 results, many of which seem to be derived from cedict, which in turn copied it from ABC. GV for "渔钩": 62,200 "鱼钩": ~ 2 million |
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# 漁鉤 渔钩 [yu2 gou1] /variant of 魚鉤|鱼钩[yu2 gou1]/ # 漁鉤 渔钩 [yu2 gou1] /variant of 魚鉤|鱼钩[yu2 gou1]/ - 漁鉤兒 渔钩儿 [yu2 gou1 r5] /variant of 魚鉤兒|鱼钩儿[yu2 gou1 r5]/ # 漁鉤兒 渔钩儿 [yu2 gou1 r5] /variant of 魚鉤兒|鱼钩儿[yu2 gou1 r5]/ |
| Change log entry 97213 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-21 00:52:43 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88040 - submitted by 'encn' >> should be 正则参数化 --------------- Editor: already deleted it |
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# - 正則參數 正则参数 [zheng4 ze2 can1 shu4] /regular parametrization/ |
| Change log entry 97212 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-20 23:49:47 UTC) |
| Comment: | v2 |
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- 打瞌睡 打瞌睡 [da3 ke1 shui4] /to doze off/ + 打瞌睡 打瞌睡 [[da3 ke1shui4]] /to doze; to nod off/ |
| Change log entry 97211 | |
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| Processed by: | richwarm (2026-08-20 23:23:32 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88954 >> On the official HSK 3.0 exam syllabus (2025-11, level 7-9); absent from CC-CEDICT. Extremely common in media and event coverage. ----------------- Editor: Being extremely common isn't in itself a reason for treating a combination as a dictionary headword. Expressions such as 高度重视, 广泛关注, 发挥作用, 取得进展 and 面临挑战 are extremely common, but their meanings can be derived from their components, and dictionaries generally don't include entries for them. The inclusion of 精彩纷呈 in HSK 7-9 doesn't necessarily imply that it warrants a separate dictionary entry. From a pedagogical perspective, it makes sense to teach the whole expression, especially since 纷呈 itself isn't in the HSK vocabulary list. That's a different question from whether a dictionary should include 精彩纷呈 when it already defines both 精彩 and 纷呈 (which we and numerous other dictionaries do). I find no entry for 精彩纷呈 in Wiktionary, New Age, New Century, PLC, GF, Grand Ricci, HDC, Key, LA or MOE. In connection with this, I've submitted to change our definition of 纷呈 to "to appear in profusion; to abound". |
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# 精彩紛呈 精彩纷呈 [[jing1 cai3 fen1 cheng2]] /(idiom) full of highlights; dazzling in its variety/ |
| Change log entry 97210 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-20 18:04:27 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 89022 - submitted by 'kbaiko' >> Can just use "variant of ..." here |
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# 瞭 了 [[liao3]] /(bound form) clear in one's mind; to understand clearly/ - 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/to understand clearly (variant of 瞭|了[liao3])/ + 了 了 [[liao3]] /to finish/(used with 得[de2] or 不[bu4] after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了[wang4bu5liao3] "cannot forget")/(literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無|无[wu2] or 不[bu4]) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least/variant of 瞭|了[liao3]/ |
| Change log entry 97209 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-20 17:56:02 UTC) |
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<< review queue entry 88656 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 双相障碍 @ 维基百科 双相障碍（英语：bipolar disorder）也称双相情感障碍（bipolar affective disorder），是既有躁狂发作或轻躁狂发作，又有抑郁发作（躁狂、抑郁交替出现），或出现躁狂抑郁混合发作的一类心境障碍。 |
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雙相障礙 双相障碍 [[shuang1xiang4 zhang4ai4]] /bipolar disorder/ |
| Change log entry 97208 | |
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| Processed by: | kbaiko (2026-08-20 15:44:11 UTC) |
| Comment: |
<< review queue entry 88673 - submitted by 'polaris' >> 兵燹 bīngxiǎn @ 《现代汉语词典》 〈书〉〈名〉战争造成的焚烧破坏等灾害：藏书毁于～。 |
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兵燹 兵燹 [[bing1xian3]] /(literary) ravages of war/ |
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